An outbreak of type E botulism among common loons (Gavia immer) in Michigan's Upper Peninsula
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
By: Christopher J. Brand, Stephen Schmitt, Ruth M. Duncan, and Thomas M. Cooley
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Abstract
An epizootic of type E botulism (Clostridium botulinum) occurred among common loons (Gavia immer) along the Lake Michigan shore of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (USA) during October and November 1983. An estimated 592 dead loons washed ashore along the Garden Peninsula. Type E botulinal toxin was demonstrated in blood samples and stomach contents of dead loons, and in samples of three species of dead fish found on the Lake Michigan shore. We suspect that loons acquired botulism by ingesting sick or dead fish containing type E toxin.
Study Area
| Publication type | Article |
|---|---|
| Publication Subtype | Journal Article |
| Title | An outbreak of type E botulism among common loons (Gavia immer) in Michigan's Upper Peninsula |
| Series title | Journal of Wildlife Diseases |
| DOI | 10.7589/0090-3558-24.3.471 |
| Volume | 24 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Year Published | 1988 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Wildlife Disease Association |
| Contributing office(s) | National Wildlife Health Center |
| Description | 6 p. |
| First page | 471 |
| Last page | 476 |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| Other Geospatial | Garden Peninsula of Michigan's Upper Peninsula |
| Online Only (Y/N) | N |
| Additional Online Files (Y/N) | N |
| Google Analytic Metrics | Metrics page |