| Abstract: | I analyzed 364 spring and 239 fall migrations by 194 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 1975 to 1993 in northeastern Minnesota to determine the proximate cause of arrivals on and departures from winter ranges. The first autumn temperatures below -7?C initiated fall migrations for 14% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0-30) of female deer prior to snowfall in three autumns, but only 2% remained on winter ranges. During 14 autumns, the first temperatures below -7?C coincidental with snowfalls elicited migration in 45% (95% CI = 34-57) of females, and 91 % remained on winter ranges. Arrival dates failed to correlate with independent variables of temperature and snow depth, precluding predictive modeling of arrival on winter ranges. During 13 years, a mean of 80% of females permanently arrived on winter ranges by 31 December. Mean departure dates from winter ranges varied annually (19 March - 4 May) and between winter ranges (14 days) and according to snow depth (15-cm differences). Only 15 - 41 % of deer departed when snow depths were> 30 cm but 80% had done so by the time of lO-cm depths. Mean weekly snow depths in March (18-85 cm) and mean temperature in April (0.3 -8.1 ?c) explained most of the variation in mean departure dates from two winter ranges (Ely, R2 = 0.87, P < 0.0005, n = 19 springs; Isabella, R2 = 0.85, P = 0.0001, n = 12 springs). Mean differences between observed mean departure dates and mean departure dates predicted from equations ranged from 3 days (predictions within the study area) to 8 days (predictions for winter ranges 100-440 km distant). |
| Genre: | Article |
| ProdID: | 5223056 |
| Citation Author: | Nelson, M.E. |
| Citation Contributing Office: | Patuxent Wildlife Research Center |
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| Citation End Page: | 1076 |
| Citation Issue: | 6 |
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| Citation Language: | English |
| Citation Larger Work Title: | Canadian Journal of Zoology |
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| Citation Number Of Pages: | 8 |
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| Citation Phsyical Description: | 1069-1076 |
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| Citation Search Results Text: | Winter range arrival and departure of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota; 1995; Article; Journal; Canadian Journal of Zoology; Nelson, M.E. |
| Citation Start Page: | 1069 |
| Citation Volume: | 73 |
| Citation Year: | 1995 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Winter range arrival and departure of white-tailed deer in northeastern Minnesota; 1995; Article; Journal; Canadian Journal of Zoology; Nelson, M.E. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg |
| URL (DOCUMENT): | http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=73&year=0&issue=6&msno=z95-127 |
| Date Other: | Wed, 16 Jun 2010 12:17 -0500 |
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