| Abstract: | African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor) embryos and tadpoles were exposed to sublethal levels of carbaryl, a broad-spectrum insecticide, and ultraviolet radiation to determine interactive and sublethal effects. Ultraviolet intensity (UV-B [285-320 nm] plus LIV-A [321-400 nm]) was controlled with various types of plastic filters and quantified with a scanning spectroradiometer. Significant differences in swimming activity and mortality of both species were evident during the 96-h experiments. Ultraviolet-B radiation alone and carbaryl in the presence of UV-B significantly decreased swimming activity of both species. As little as 1.5% intensity of ambient solar UV-B radiation photoactivated carbaryl. Toxicity of 7.5 mg/L earbaryl increased by 10-fold in the presence of UV-B in all species and life stages tested. Our results indicate that photoenhancement by solar UV-B radiation should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of contaminants to amphibians and other organisms. |
| Genre: | Article |
| ProdID: | 70020691 |
| Citation Author: | Zaga, A.; Little, E. E.; Rabeni, C. F.; Ellersieck, M. R. |
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| Citation End Page: | 2553 |
| Citation Issue: | 12 |
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| Citation Language: | English |
| Citation Larger Work Title: | Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |
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| Citation Number Of Pages: | 11 |
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| Citation Search Results Text: | Photoenhanced toxicity of a carbamate insecticide to early life stage anuran amphibians; 1998; Article; Journal; Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; Zaga, A.; Little, E. E.; Rabeni, C. F.; Ellersieck, M. R. |
| Citation Start Page: | 2543 |
| Citation Volume: | 17 |
| Citation Year: | 1998 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Photoenhanced toxicity of a carbamate insecticide to early life stage anuran amphibians; 1998; Article; Journal; Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; Zaga, A.; Little, E. E.; Rabeni, C. F.; Ellersieck, M. R. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg |
| Date Other: | Thu, 1 Jan 1998 00:00 -0600 |
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