| Abstract: | Recent global estimates of crude-oil seepage rates suggest that about 47% of crude oil currently entering the marine environment is from natural seeps, whereas 53% results from leaks and spills during the extraction, transportation, refining, storage, and utilization of petroleum. The amount of natural crude-oil seepage is currently estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 to 2,000,000 metric tons per year. Thus, natural oil seeps may be the single most important source of oil that enters the ocean, exceeding each of the various sources of crude oil that enters the ocean through its exploitation by humankind. |
| Genre: | Article |
| ProdID: | 70025353 |
| Citation Author: | Kvenvolden, K. A.; Cooper, C. K. |
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| Citation End Page: | 146 |
| Citation Issue: | 3-4 |
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| Citation Language: | English |
| Citation Larger Work Title: | Geo-Marine Letters |
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| Citation Number Of Pages: | 7 |
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| Citation Search Results Text: | Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment; 2003; Article; Journal; Geo-Marine Letters; Kvenvolden, K. A.; Cooper, C. K. |
| Citation Start Page: | 140 |
| Citation Volume: | 23 |
| Citation Year: | 2003 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment; 2003; Article; Journal; Geo-Marine Letters; Kvenvolden, K. A.; Cooper, C. K. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg |
| URL (DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER): | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-003-0135-0 |
| Date Other: | Wed, 1 Jan 2003 00:00 -0600 |
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