| Abstract: | Numerous biohermal buildups occur in Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata in the Illinois Basin and adjacent regions. They developed as mud mounds, biodetrital calcisiltite mounds, and bryozoan frame thickets (fenestrate-frame coquina or rudstone) during the Kinderhookian and early Meramecian (Tournaisian and early Visean), and as microbial mud mounds, microbial- serpulidbryozoanboundstones, and solenoporoid (red algal) boundstones during the Chesterian (late Visean and Serpukhovian). True Waulsortian mounds did not develop in the Illinois Basin, but echinoderm (primarily crinoids)-bryozoan carbonate banks and bryozoan frame thickets generally occupied the same niche during the Kinderhookian-early Meramecian. Nutrient availability and the resulting increase in the productivity of echinoderms and bryozoans were apparently detrimental to Waulsortian mound development. Deposition of crinoidal-bryozoan carbonates during the Kinderhookian-Osagean initially occurred on a ramp setting that later evolved into a platform with a relatively steep margin through sediment aggradation and progradation. By mid-Osagean-early Meramecian, two such platforms, namely the Burlington Shelf and the Ullin Platform, developed adjacent to a deep, initially starved basin. Sedimentologic and petrographic characteristics of the Kinderhookian-earliest Meramecian carbonates resemble the modern cool-water Heterozoan Association. This is in contrast with post-earliest Meramecian carbonates, which are typically oolitic and peloidal with common peri tidal facies. The post-earliest Meramecian carbonates, therefore, resemble those of the warm-water Photozoan Association. The prevalence of Heterozoan carbonates in the Illinois Basin correlates with a rapid increase in the rate of subsidence and a major second-order eustatic sea-level rise that resulted in deep-water starved basins at this time. In the starved Illinois Basin, deposition was initially limited to a thin phosphatic shale that was followed later by deposition of up to 200 m of siliceous, spiculitic, and radiolarianbearing limestone. The starved basin was connected to the deep open ocean through a bathymetric depression, which was centered over the failed late Precambrian-Early Cambrian Reelfoot Rift, which extended from the deep-water Ouachita Trough in central Arkansas to southern Illinois, approximately parallel to the trend of the modern Mississippi River. We believe that upwelling of cool, nutrient- and silica-rich deep oceanic water, which entered the basin through this bathymetric depression, resulted in proliferation of pelmatozoans and bryozoans. The subsequent change from cool-water-like carbonates to warm-water-like carbonates appears to be related to decreased subsidence and gradual shallowing of the basin. |
| Genre: | Article |
| ProdID: | 70027395 |
| Citation Author: | Lasemi, Z.; Norby, R. D.; Utgaard, J. E.; Ferry, W. R.; Cuffey, R. J.; Dever, Jr. , G. R. |
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| Citation End Page: | 95 |
| Citation Issue: | 83 |
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| Citation Language: | English |
| Citation Larger Work Title: | AAPG Memoir |
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| Citation Number Of Pages: | 27 |
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| Citation Search Results Text: | Mississippian carbonate buildups and development of cool-waterlike carbonate platforms in the Illinois Basin, Midcontinent U.S.A.; 2005; Article; Journal; AAPG Memoir; Lasemi, Z.; Norby, R. D.; Utgaard, J. E.; Ferry, W. R.; Cuffey, R. J.; Dever, Jr. , G. R. |
| Citation Start Page: | 69 |
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| Citation Year: | 2005 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Mississippian carbonate buildups and development of cool-waterlike carbonate platforms in the Illinois Basin, Midcontinent U.S.A.; 2005; Article; Journal; AAPG Memoir; Lasemi, Z.; Norby, R. D.; Utgaard, J. E.; Ferry, W. R.; Cuffey, R. J.; Dever, Jr. , G. R. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg |
| Date Other: | Sat, 1 Jan 2005 00:00 -0600 |
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