| Abstract: | To produce materials from mine to market it is necessary to overcome obstacles that include the force of gravity, the strength of molecular bonds, and technological inefficiencies. These challenges are met by the application of energy to accomplish the work that includes the direct use of electricity, fossil fuel, and manual labor. The tables and analyses presented in this study contain estimates of electricity consumption for the mining and processing of ores, concentrates, intermediate products, and industrial and refined metallic commodities on a kilowatt-hour per unit basis, primarily the metric ton or troy ounce. Data contained in tables pertaining to specific currently operating facilities are static, as the amount of electricity consumed to process or produce a unit of material changes over time for a great number of reasons. Estimates were developed from diverse sources that included feasibility studies, company-produced annual and sustainability reports, conference proceedings, discussions with government and industry experts, journal articles, reference texts, and studies by nongovernmental organizations. |
| Genre: | USGS Numbered Series |
| ProdID: | 70005553 |
| Citation Author: | Bleiwas, Donald I. |
| Citation Contributing Office: | National Minerals Information Center |
| Citation Datum: | |
| Citation Day: | |
| Citation Edition: | |
| Citation Editor: | |
| Citation End Page: | |
| Citation Issue: | |
| Citation Keywords: | |
| Citation Language: | English |
| Citation Larger Work Title: | |
| Citation LatN: | |
| Citation LatS: | |
| Citation LonE: | |
| Citation LonW: | |
| Citation Month: | |
| Citation No Pagination: | |
| Citation Number Of Pages: | |
| Citation Online Only Flag: | Y |
| Citation Phsyical Description: | vi, 20 p.; Appendix |
| Citation Projection: | |
| Citation Public Comments: | |
| Citation Publisher: | U.S. Geological Survey |
| Citation Series: | Open-File Report |
| Citation Series Code: | OFR |
| Citation Series Number: | 2011-1253 |
| Citation Search Results Text: | Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa; 2011; OFR; 2011-1253; Bleiwas, Donald I. |
| Citation Start Page: | |
| Citation Volume: | |
| Citation Year: | 2011 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Estimates of electricity requirements for the recovery of mineral commodities, with examples applied to sub-Saharan Africa; 2011; OFR; 2011-1253; Bleiwas, Donald I. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1253.png |
| URL (INDEX PAGE): | http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1253/ |
| Date Other: | Wed, 28 Sep 2011 00:00 -0500 |
| Publisher: | U.S. Geological Survey |
