| Abstract: | The Upper Carbonate aquifer is part of a sequence of sedimentary bedrock units. It was deposited from Paleozoic seas which occupied a depression known as the Hollandale embayment. The aquifer comprises four formations, which, in ascending order, are the Galena Dolomite, Dubuque Formation, Maquoketa Shale, and Cedar Valley Limestone. Total thickness of the aquifer is as much as 650 feet. Water flows mostly through fractures and solution channels. Regional groundwater movement is toward the periphery of the aquifer and locally toward river and bedrock valleys. Yields from wells in the aquifer range from about 100 to 500 gallons per minute. Water in the Upper Carbonate aquifer is of acceptable quality for most uses, but sinkholes and disappearing streams locally provide direct passageways for entry of contaminants into the aquifer. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water is most common in the aquifer. Concentrations of dissolved solids and some major ions, specifically magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate, are generally highest in the southwest part. (USGS) |
| Genre: | USGS Numbered Series |
| ProdID: | 44492 |
| Citation Author: | Ruhl, J. F.; Wolf, R. J. |
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| Citation Language: | ENGLISH |
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| Citation Phsyical Description: | 13 maps on 2 sheets ; 27 x 26 cm. and smaller, sheets 88 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 24 cm. |
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| Citation Series: | Water-Resources Investigations Report |
| Citation Series Code: | WRI |
| Citation Series Number: | 84-4150 |
| Citation Search Results Text: | Hydrogeologic and water-quality characteristics of the Upper Carbonate aquifer, Southeast Minnesota; 1983; WRI; 84-4150; Ruhl, J. F.; Wolf, R. J. |
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| Citation Year: | 1983 |
| Type: | citation/reference |
| Text: | Hydrogeologic and water-quality characteristics of the Upper Carbonate aquifer, Southeast Minnesota; 1983; WRI; 84-4150; Ruhl, J. F.; Wolf, R. J. |
| URL (THUMBNAIL): | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg |
| URL (PLATE): | http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4150/plate-1.pdf |
| URL (PLATE): | http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4150/plate-2.pdf |
| Date Other: | Sat, 1 Jan 1994 00:00 -0600 |
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