Female elk contacts are neither frequency nor density dependent
Links
- More information: Publisher Index Page (via DOI)
- Open Access Version: Publisher Index Page
- Download citation as: RIS | Dublin Core
Abstract
Identifying drivers of contact rates among individuals is critical to understanding disease dynamics and implementing targeted control measures. We studied the interaction patterns of 149 female elk (Cervus canadensis) distributed across five different regions of western Wyoming over three years, defining a contact as an approach within one body length (∼2 m). Using hierarchical models that account for correlations within individuals, pairs, and groups, we found that pairwise contact rates within a group declined by a factor of three as group sizes increased 33-fold. Per capita contact rates, however, increased with group size according to a power function, such that female elk contact rates fell in between the predictions of density- or frequency-dependent disease models. We found similar patterns for the duration of contacts. Our results suggest that larger elk groups are likely to play a disproportionate role in the disease dynamics of directly transmitted infections in elk. Supplemental feeding of elk had a limited impact on pairwise interaction rates and durations, but per capita rates were more than two times higher on feeding grounds. Our statistical approach decomposes the variation in contact rate into individual, dyadic, and environmental effects, and provides insight into factors that may be targeted by disease control programs. In particular, female elk contact patterns were driven more by environmental factors such as group size than by either individual or dyad effects.
Study Area
| Publication type | Article |
|---|---|
| Publication Subtype | Journal Article |
| Title | Female elk contacts are neither frequency nor density dependent |
| Series title | Ecology |
| DOI | 10.1890/12-2086.1 |
| Volume | 94 |
| Issue | 9 |
| Year Published | 2013 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Ecological Society of America |
| Contributing office(s) | Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center |
| Description | 11 p. |
| First page | 2076 |
| Last page | 2086 |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| Other Geospatial | Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem |
| Online Only (Y/N) | N |
| Additional Online Files (Y/N) | N |
| Google Analytic Metrics | Metrics page |