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Compressional-Wave Seismic Velocity, Bulk Density, and their Empirical Relations for Geophysical Modeling of the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior Region

Scientific Investigations Report 2023-5061
Mineral Resources Program
By:
https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235061

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Abstract

Compressional-wave seismic velocity (velocity) and bulk density (density) data were compiled from published sources for rock suites and earth materials that are significant for geophysical modeling of the Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior region. The data include laboratory measurements of outcrop and drill core samples, seismic refraction studies, and a sonic log from a 1.5-kilometer-deep exploration well. Rock suites of the Midcontinent Rift System include basalts of the Mesoproterozoic Keweenawan Supergroup, Oronto Group sedimentary rocks (divided into arenaceous versus argillaceous units), and several sedimentary formations overlying the Oronto Group that have been correlated across the area. Intrusive units include diabase, gabbro, and felsic igneous rocks. Other geologic units important for geophysical modeling in the Lake Superior region include Archean crystalline crust, Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary and crystalline rocks, lower Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks, and Holocene to Pleistocene surficial deposits.

Empirical velocity-density relations for each rock suite were determined by comparing the compiled data to published relations, such as the Nafe-Drake curve, Gardner’s relation, and best-fit equations developed for different rock types from laboratory studies. Graphical representations of these velocity-density relations provide a way to easily understand how velocity and density differ between tectonic settings and by rock type. Overlaps in velocity and density ranges for different geologic units are significant and have especially important implications for geologic interpretation of seismic data. Important examples include similar velocities but differing densities for argillaceous Oronto Group versus units overlying the Oronto Group and arenaceous Oronto Group versus basalt of the Keweenawan Supergroup. Similar densities but differing velocities were found for diabase versus gabbro. In addition, expected velocity ranges by rock type show that high-velocity intervals (6.9–7.1 kilometers per second) interpreted as basalt in previous seismic-reflection studies more likely indicate diabase or gabbro, suggesting that these interpretations may warrant additional consideration.


Suggested Citation

Grauch, V.J.S., 2023, Compressional-wave seismic velocity, bulk density, and their empirical relations for geophysical modeling of the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior region: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5061, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235061.

ISSN: 2328-0328 (online)

Study Area

Table of Contents

  • Acknowledgments
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Geologic Setting
  • Velocity, Density, and their Relations
  • Velocity Data
  • Density Data
  • Velocity-Density Relations for the Lake Superior Region
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • References Cited
  • Appendix 1. Supporting Data and Information
Publication type Report
Publication Subtype USGS Numbered Series
Title Compressional-wave seismic velocity, bulk density, and their empirical relations for geophysical modeling of the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior region
Series title Scientific Investigations Report
Series number 2023-5061
DOI 10.3133/sir20235061
Year Published 2023
Language English
Publisher U.S. Geological Survey
Publisher location Reston, VA
Contributing office(s) Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
Description viii, 60 p.
Country Canada, United States
Other Geospatial Lake Superior
Online Only (Y/N) Y
Google Analytic Metrics Metrics page
Additional publication details